Published research, by compound

Retatrutide for obesity — Phase 2 trial

The New England journal of medicine·2023Human clinical study

Retatrutide in obesity pharmacotherapy

Biomolecules·2025Peer-reviewed study

Retatrutide in obesity and diabetes therapy

European journal of pharmacology·2024Peer-reviewed study

Retatrutide for type 2 diabetes — Phase 2 trial

Lancet (London, England)·2023Human clinical study

Retatrutide for fatty liver disease — Phase 2a trial

Nature medicine·2024Human clinical study

Retatrutide for obesity — systematic review & meta-analysis

Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)·2025Systematic review of trials

Retatrutide on weight & metabolic markers — meta-analysis

Metabolism open·2024Systematic review of trials

Retatrutide — TRIUMPH clinical trial program

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026Human clinical study

Retatrutide and body composition in type 2 diabetes — Phase 2

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology·2025Human clinical study

Retatrutide for obesity — review of clinical trials

Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology·2025Systematic review of trials

Intranasal NAP (davunetide) decreases tau hyperphosphorylation and improves behavioral deficits

Pharmacology Research & Perspectives·2014Animal study

NAP (davunetide) provides functional and structural neuroprotection

Current Pharmaceutical Design·2011Peer-reviewed review

Davunetide (AL-108) on cognition and functional capacity in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Research·2012Human clinical trial

BPC-157 peptide: medical applications — literature & patent review

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)·2025Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 and musculoskeletal soft-tissue healing

Cell and tissue research·2019Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 in orthopaedic sports medicine — systematic review

HSS journal : the musculoskeletal journal of Hospital for Special Surgery·2025Systematic review

BPC-157 and wound healing

Frontiers in pharmacology·2021Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 and knee pain — clinical study

Alternative therapies in health and medicine·2021Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157, growth factors & tissue healing

Current pharmaceutical design·2018Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 and the central nervous system

Neural regeneration research·2022Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 and NSAID-induced gut damage

Current pharmaceutical design·2020Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 for musculoskeletal healing — narrative review

Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine·2025Peer-reviewed review

BPC-157 and tendon-cell healing — lab study

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2011Lab / formulation study

GHK-Cu tripeptide in liposomes — cosmetic study

Pharmaceutics·2023Lab / formulation study

GHK-Cu microsphere filler — anti-inflammatory study

Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces·2025Lab / formulation study

GHK-Cu skin permeation in liposomes

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025Lab / formulation study

GHK-Cu and lung inflammation / fibrosis

Redox biology·2024Peer-reviewed study

GHK-Cu and ACL healing — rat model

Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society·2015Animal-model study

GHK-Cu, oxidative stress & aging

Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity·2012Peer-reviewed study

GHK copper-peptide complex — chemistry study

International journal of molecular sciences·2020Peer-reviewed study

GHK-Cu and pulmonary fibrosis — animal model

Life sciences·2020Animal-model study

Copper-tripeptide hydrogel and wound healing

Biomaterials research·2025Lab / formulation study

Recombinant GHK tripeptide and copper toxicity — zebrafish

Biomolecules·2020Lab / formulation study

Tesamorelin — overview

·2012Peer-reviewed study

Tesamorelin in HIV patients — clinical study

AIDS (London, England)·2024Peer-reviewed study

Tesamorelin — drug profile

Nature reviews. Drug discovery·2011Peer-reviewed study

Tesamorelin — research update

BETA : bulletin of experimental treatments for AIDS : a publication of the San Francisco AIDS Foundation·2010Peer-reviewed review

Tesamorelin and HIV-associated lipodystrophy — review

Drugs·2011Peer-reviewed review

Tesamorelin growth-hormone analogue — HIV lipodystrophy

The Annals of pharmacotherapy·2012Peer-reviewed study

Tesamorelin — growth-hormone-releasing analogue

Expert opinion on investigational drugs·2009Peer-reviewed study

Tesamorelin and fatty liver in HIV (NAFLD)

JCI insight·2020Peer-reviewed study

GHK as an anti-aging peptide

Aging pathobiology and therapeutics·2020Peer-reviewed study

GHK peptide and skin-regeneration pathways

BioMed research international·2015Mechanistic study

GHK-Cu skin permeation in liposomes

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025Lab / formulation study

GHK copper-peptide complex — chemistry study

International journal of molecular sciences·2020Peer-reviewed study

Copper-peptide delivery through skin — microneedle study

Pharmaceutical research·2015Lab / formulation study

Copper-free GHK and skin stem cells

Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society·2012Lab / formulation study

GHK tripeptide and tissue remodeling

Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition·2008Peer-reviewed study

GHK-Cu tripeptide in liposomes — cosmetic study

Pharmaceutics·2023Lab / formulation study

GHK-Cu, oxidative stress & aging

Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity·2012Peer-reviewed study

Copper-tripeptide hydrogel and wound healing

Biomaterials research·2025Lab / formulation study

BPC-157 and musculoskeletal soft-tissue healing

Cell and tissue research·2019Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 and wound healing

Frontiers in pharmacology·2021Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 in tissue repair & pain research

International journal of molecular sciences·2026Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157, growth factors & tissue healing

Current pharmaceutical design·2018Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 and tendon-cell healing — lab study

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2011Lab / formulation study

Injectable peptides in regenerative medicine — review

Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association·2025Peer-reviewed study

Therapeutic peptides in orthopaedics — review

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews·2026Peer-reviewed review

Injectable peptide therapy — orthopaedic primer

The American journal of sports medicine·2026Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 and blood vessels

Current pharmaceutical design·2014Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 and healing

Journal of physiology, Paris·1997Peer-reviewed study

Ipamorelin and chemotherapy weight loss — animal study

Physiology & behavior·2024Animal-model study

Ipamorelin — first selective GH secretagogue

European journal of endocrinology·1998Peer-reviewed study

Therapeutic peptides in orthopaedics — review

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews·2026Peer-reviewed review

Ipamorelin and bone growth — rats

Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society·1999Animal-model study

Ipamorelin pharmacokinetics in human volunteers

Pharmaceutical research·1999Human clinical study

Ipamorelin pharmacokinetics & nasal absorption

Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems·1998Peer-reviewed study

GH secretagogue hybrids of ipamorelin — chemistry

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters·2001Peer-reviewed study

GH secretagogues and body composition — review

Translational andrology and urology·2020Peer-reviewed study

Ipamorelin and somatotroph response — rats

Histology and histopathology·2002Animal-model study

Ipamorelin and steroid-related bone loss — rats

Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society·2001Animal-model study

KPV tripeptide and inflammatory bowel disease — animal model

Inflammatory bowel diseases·2008Animal-model study

KPV hydrogel and oral mucositis

Biomaterials science·2021Animal-model study

Anti-inflammatory effects of α-MSH-related peptides

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2010Peer-reviewed study

KPV tripeptide and intestinal inflammation

Gastroenterology·2008Peer-reviewed study

KPV nanoparticle delivery and ulcerative colitis

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy·2017Lab / formulation study

Colon-targeted nanoparticle delivery and colitis — mouse model

Gastroenterology·2010Animal-model study

KPV-stabilizing hydrogel and ulcerative colitis — rats

ACS biomaterials science & engineering·2021Animal-model study

PepT1 and KPV tripeptide in colitis-associated cancer — mouse

Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology·2016Animal-model study

Structural modification of the KPV tripeptide

PloS one·2018Peer-reviewed study

α-MSH tripeptide and corneal wound healing

Experimental eye research·2006Peer-reviewed study

Beta-thymosins — overview

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2007Peer-reviewed study

Thymosin beta-4 in regenerative therapy research

International immunopharmacology·2023Peer-reviewed study

Thymosin beta-4 and the eye

Expert opinion on biological therapy·2018Peer-reviewed study

Thymosin beta-4 and tissue repair in heart injury

Current medicinal chemistry·2020Peer-reviewed study

Thymosin beta-4 and liver (hepatic stellate) cells

Vitamins and hormones·2016Lab / formulation study

Thymosin beta-4 tissue-repair peptide — animal studies

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2010Peer-reviewed study

Thymosin beta-4 and bacterial keratitis

International immunopharmacology·2023Animal-model study

Thymosin beta-4 and kidney (glomerular) disease

Kidney international·2016Animal-model study

Thymosin beta-4 in glioblastoma research

Brain : a journal of neurology·2014Peer-reviewed study

Thymosin beta-4 and middle-ear healing

International immunopharmacology·2023Animal-model study

MOTS-c and metabolic disorders

Metabolites·2023Mechanistic study

MOTS-c and muscle-atrophy signaling

American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism·2021Mechanistic study

MOTS-c mitochondrial peptide — therapeutic overview

Frontiers in endocrinology·2023Mechanistic study

MOTS-c as a mitochondrial regulator of the nucleus

BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology·2019Mechanistic study

MOTS-c, metabolism & insulin resistance

Cell metabolism·2015Mechanistic study

MOTS-c and ovarian cancer — mechanism study

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2024Mechanistic study

MOTS-c and pulmonary fibrosis

Mitochondrion·2023Peer-reviewed study

MOTS-c and gestational diabetes

Pharmacological research·2022Mechanistic study

MOTS-c and bone metabolism

Frontiers in physiology·2023Mechanistic study

MOTS-c in aging and age-related disease

International journal of molecular sciences·2022Human clinical study

NAD+ in aging biology — review

Endocrine reviews·2023Peer-reviewed review

NAD+ and skin aging — pharmacological study

Cells·2024Lab / formulation study

NAD+ and sirtuins in aging

Trends in cell biology·2014Peer-reviewed study

NAD+ in aging, metabolism & neurodegeneration

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2015Mechanistic study

NMN safety & anti-aging — human clinical trials

Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)·2023Human clinical study

NAD+ decline and CAR-T cell function

Nature cancer·2025Lab / formulation study

NAD+ metabolism in cellular ageing

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2021Mechanistic study

NMN as an anti-aging product — promises & safety

Journal of advanced research·2022Peer-reviewed study

NAD+ metabolism, senescence & aging

Aging cell·2024Mechanistic study

NAD+ signaling in neurological disorders

Antioxidants & redox signaling·2023Mechanistic study

Melanotan II — melanogenesis & skin pigmentation (phase I)

Life Sciences·1996Human clinical study

Melanotan II and thermogenesis — mouse model

Experimental physiology·2021Animal-model study

Melanotan II and feeding behavior — brain study

Neuropeptides·2022Peer-reviewed study

Melanotan II and diet-induced memory impairment

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie·2023Animal-model study

Melanotan II and cisplatin ototoxicity

Hearing research·2002Peer-reviewed study

Melanotan II melanocortin agonist — human studies

International journal of impotence research·2000Peer-reviewed study

Melanotan II and nerve regeneration — rat

European journal of pharmacology·2003Animal-model study

Melanotan II and renal infarction — case review

CEN case reports·2020Peer-reviewed review

Melanotan II — qualitative forum study

Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland)·2021Peer-reviewed study

Use of melanotan I and II — population study

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)·2009Peer-reviewed study

Melanotan II and insulin sensitivity — rat model

Peptides·2004Animal-model study

Afamelanotide — overview

·2012Peer-reviewed study

Melanocortin system and metabolic disorders

Nature reviews. Endocrinology·2023Mechanistic study

Afamelanotide in skin disease — review

Postepy dermatologii i alergologii·2024Peer-reviewed review

Acne pathogenesis and anti-acne agents

Archives of dermatological research·2019Peer-reviewed study

Afamelanotide and phototoxicity in protoporphyria

Expert review of clinical pharmacology·2021Peer-reviewed study

Afamelanotide in protoporphyria — review

American journal of clinical dermatology·2016Peer-reviewed review

Afamelanotide — dermatology applications review

Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD·2021Peer-reviewed review

Afamelanotide for protoporphyria — NEJM

The New England journal of medicine·2015Peer-reviewed study

Afamelanotide pharmacokinetics & clinical use

Clinical pharmacokinetics·2017Human clinical study

Afamelanotide and dermal phototoxicity

Expert review of clinical pharmacology·2015Peer-reviewed study

IGF-1 LR3 and amyloid plaques — mouse model

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·2025Animal-model study

IGF-1 LR3 and protein metabolism — cattle

Domestic animal endocrinology·1999Animal-model study

Recombinant IGF-1 LR3 expression — lab study

Applied microbiology and biotechnology·2023Lab / formulation study

IGF-1 LR3 and growth markers — pigs

The Journal of endocrinology·1997Animal-model study

IGF-1 LR3 muteins — protein design study

Growth factors (Chur, Switzerland)·1996Peer-reviewed study

IGF-1 LR3 and intestinal absorption

Growth factors (Chur, Switzerland)·2002Peer-reviewed study

IGF-1 LR3 and organ growth — guinea pig

The Journal of endocrinology·1995Animal-model study

IGF-1 and bone-marrow cell development — mouse

Endocrine·1998Animal-model study

IGF binding protein-3 and prostate cancer — mechanism

Oncogene·2007Mechanistic study

IGF and IGF-binding proteins — ovarian cells

Endocrinology·1992Lab / formulation study

Kisspeptin-10 and bone loss — mechanism study

Nature communications·2024Peer-reviewed study

Kisspeptin, energy balance & reproduction

Nature reviews. Endocrinology·2020Mechanistic study

Kisspeptin-10 and heart collagen — mechanism study

Scientific reports·2023Peer-reviewed study

Pubertal development and regulation — review

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology·2016Mechanistic study

Kisspeptin-10 in pregnancy — dairy cows

Veterinaria italiana·2022Animal-model study

Kisspeptin-10 and sperm preservation — buffalo

Andrologia·2022Animal-model study

Kisspeptin-10 and neuron toxicity — in vitro

International journal of molecular sciences·2022Animal-model study

Kisspeptin-10 and progesterone — bovine cells

Genes·2022Animal-model study

Kisspeptin antagonists — overview

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2013Peer-reviewed study

Kisspeptin-10 and neuronal mitochondria — lab study

International journal of molecular sciences·2023Lab / formulation study

Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue

European Journal of Endocrinology·1998Foundational study

Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats

Growth Hormone & IGF Research·1999Animal study

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers

Pharmaceutical Research·1999Human study

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues with emphasis on nasal absorption

Xenobiotica·1998Pharmacokinetics

Influence of chronic treatment with the growth hormone secretagogue Ipamorelin in young female rats: somatotroph response in vitro

Histology and Histopathology·2002Animal study

Isolation of human Leydig cells highly responsive to human chorionic gonadotropin

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·1987Lab study

Acute stimulation of aromatization in Leydig cells by human chorionic gonadotropin in vitro

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA·1979Lab study

Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin derivatives on Leydig-cell function

Hormone research·2000Peer-reviewed study

Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation of Leydig-cell function in puberty — testosterone response

Israel journal of medical sciences·1976Human study

Glutathione synthesis

Biochimica et biophysica acta·2013Peer-reviewed review

An update on glutathione's biosynthesis, metabolism, functions, and medicinal purposes

Current medicinal chemistry·2024Peer-reviewed review

The role of glutathione on oxidative stress and infertility

JBRA assisted reproduction·2018Peer-reviewed review

The multifaceted role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in disorders characterized by oxidative stress

Current neuropharmacology·2021Peer-reviewed review

Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone and IGF-I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, in healthy adults

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2006Human study

Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2006Human study

Once-daily CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH-knockout mouse

American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism·2006Animal study

hGRF(1-29)-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting analog

Endocrinology·2005Lab study

BPC-157 peptide: medical applications — literature & patent review

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)·2025Peer-reviewed review

BPC-157 and musculoskeletal soft-tissue healing

Cell and tissue research·2019Peer-reviewed study

BPC-157 and wound healing

Frontiers in pharmacology·2021Peer-reviewed study

Beta-thymosins overview (thymosin beta-4 / TB-500)

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2007Peer-reviewed study

Thymosin beta-4 in regenerative-therapy research

International immunopharmacology·2023Peer-reviewed study

Thymosin beta-4 tissue-repair peptide — animal studies

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2010Peer-reviewed study

Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes

The New England journal of medicine·2021Human trial

Phase 3 trial of semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

The New England journal of medicine·2025Human trial

Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes (SELECT trial)

The New England journal of medicine·2023Human trial

Safety of semaglutide

Frontiers in endocrinology·2021Peer-reviewed review

Elamipretide (SS-31) improves ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria by increasing uptake through the adenine nucleotide transporter

GeroScience·2023Lab study

The mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 binds lipid bilayers and modulates surface electrostatics

The Journal of biological chemistry·2020Lab study

Elamipretide: a review of its structure, mechanism of action, and therapeutic potential

International journal of molecular sciences·2025Peer-reviewed review

Mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 prevents cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury via the mitochondrial ROS–NLRP3 pathway

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy·2020Animal-model study